Why Levitt’s Analysis is Awry Essays

Why Levitt’s Analysis is Awry Essays Why Levitt’s Analysis is Awry Essay Why Levitt’s Analysis is Awry Essay In section 3 of Freakonomics by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, Levitt shows how bogus forecasts are frequently driven by standard way of thinking and why street pharmacists despite everything live with their mothers. I concur with the creator that tried and true way of thinking is regularly off-base or doubtlessly deficient to answer numerous significant questions.â Crime didn't continue taking off during the 1990s, cash alone doesn't assist government officials with winning races, and drinking eight glasses of water a day has never really been appeared to do a thing for one’s health.â Conventional knowledge is frequently terribly shaped and malevolently hard to see through as it is related intimately with disarray of affiliation and causation and furthermore misrepresentation of composition.â While the facts confirm that a sound individual may drink eight glasses of water every day, it doesn't really imply that drinking eight glasses of water a day is useful for one’s health.â Association and causation are totally different.â Just like smoking cigarettes doesn't really cause malignancy †essentially on the grounds that two occasions are related (in time, for instance) , it doesn't really follow that one is the reason and the other is the effect.â People regularly befuddle affiliation and causation become it is helpful to expect that the evident, simple answers are the right ones.â The wrong view that what is acceptable or valid for the individual is fundamentally acceptable or valid for the gathering is another case of standard way of thinking that can't be clarified by reality in all its manifestations.â All the equivalent, it is advantageous for individuals to simply acknowledge tried and true way of thinking, particularly while the media and notice are additionally implementing it.â This is one reason why the vast majority on the planet don't transform into researchers. Undoubtedly, it is conceivable to break down reality or misrepresentation of tried and true way of thinking by asking the privilege questions.â There even exists an essential technique that is utilized in numerous logical attempts to maintain a strategic distance from standard way of thinking in building and testing theories.â The strategy follows a lot of guidelines.â First, the specialist chooses what it is that the person needs to clarify or predict.â Second, the scientist distinguishes the factors that the individual in question accepts are imperative to what the person in question might want to clarify or predict.â Third, the suspicions of the hypothesis must be stated.â Fourth, the speculation must be stated.â Fifth, the hypothesis must be tried by contrasting its forecasts against genuine world events.â Sixth, it is perceived that if the proof backings the hypothesis, no further activity is fundamental, despite the fact that it is a smart thought to keep on ins pecting the hypothesis closely.â Seventh, if the proof rejects the hypothesis, the analyst should either define another hypothesis or alter the old hypothesis regarding its factors, suppositions, and hypothesis.â for instance, an analyst may have anticipated that the lodging business sector would encounter a blast in the coming years.â If this doesn't occur, the individual is required to change the old hypothesis or make another one altogether.â But it if occurs, the scientist would be required to keep checking the states of the market to really demonstrate their hypothesis.â The way that the lodging market really encounters a blast doesn't really suggest that the blast will make monetary development or not transform into a droop soon enough, along these lines discrediting all development forms expected for the blast time frame, and which had bolstered the blast hypothesis of the scientist. Remembering the different phases of logical examination, I differ that the street pharmacists despite everything live with their mothers †as Levitt demonstrates in section 3 †on the grounds that they have impetuses other than making benefits that constrain them to work at lower than the lowest pay permitted by law for such a high hazard job.â I accept that the principle inspiration for endless individuals who are eager to do such hazardous employments is high benefits for sure.â Considering the expenses and advantages, as Levitt exhibited in part 3; the peripheral advantages for the troopers to sell drugs are a lot littler than the negligible expenses, if in reality the pay of street pharmacists is extremely low while medicate managing is a high hazard job.â There is by all accounts no motivation for the infantrymen to play out a high hazard work for low incomes.â Only the individuals who are tranquilize addicts as of now may acknowledge the activity in light of the ir poor state of mind just as the way that they need the medications to continuing entering their substantial systems.â Moreover, the minor costs keep on expanding as the more they sell sedates on the road the more possibilities there are for them to get captured or shot.â Marginal advantages, then again, keep on decrease.â Seeing that the negligible advantages will never approach the negligible expenses, there is certainly no productivity in medicate dealing.â If Levitt is right to express that the street pharmacists are working at lower than the lowest pay permitted by law, at that point nobody would need to sell medicates as people are levelheaded however egotistical, and hazard and exertion opposed. It is imperative to consider the four important elements that decide a compensation †which Levitt uses to clarify why the common whore procures more than the commonplace architect.â The elements help clarify why the normal street pharmacist really gains a high wage.â Just as meager young ladies don't ordinarily grow up longing for turning out to be whores, people can't be relied upon to grow up longing for turning out to be street pharmacists and winding up being detained or killed.â The abilities of the street pharmacists, while not really specific, are drilled in an exceptionally particular context.â The activity is terrible in light of the high possibilities looked by the street pharmacists of being detained and getting killed.â Yet, the interest for administration that the activity satisfies is incredibly large.â The workplace of national medication control strategy has assessed that Americans burned through $140 billion on unlawful medications in 1990 and around 1 out of 15 Americans matured 12 and over as of now utilizes drugs.â The appraisals for overall medication use may likewise be considered to get a more clear image of the interest circumstance for drugs.â After all, tranquilize flexibly around the globe is a piece of a worldwide business with endless connections. The impetuses for the road street pharmacists that Levitt exhibited in section 3 don't have any significant bearing to most of street pharmacists in the United States.â The instances of street pharmacists that he utilized are just the poor individuals of color who have experienced childhood in a lodging venture on Chicago’s south side.â To them the way to a nice real activity was for all intents and purposes imperceptible and break managing was a fabulousness profession.â If a similar examining inclination is utilized on the whores, they would be unthinkably gaining more than the architect.â Just as the run of the mill prostitute procures more than the regular modeler, the run of the mill street pharmacist acquires more than a great many people sitting behind office desks.â Many young street pharmacists have figured out how to win all around ok to have the option to bear the cost of private craftsmanship schools and decent cars.â Furthermore, a large number of the street pharmacists can lead lives of luxury.â It is the sort of neighborhood that they sell sedates in that has the greatest effect in their lifestyles.â at the end of the day, it is the business condition and the salary of the purchasers in their prompt market that really decides if street pharmacists would live with their mothers or in their own mansions.â After all, the street pharmacist who offers medications to the heroes and famous actors in Hollywood isn't required to live with their mother, while the street pharmacist who bargains in the tenderloin in San Francisco presumably would. Levitt additionally contrasted the break managing business and the amusement business as in many individuals are vieing for a not many prizes in these businesses.â Criminals, similar to every other person, might want to accept that possibly one day they would turn into the pioneers of the rocks managing business and stand to lead lives of luxury.â This corresponds with my conviction that the money related factor is the thing that really drives the medication dealers.â Levitt clarified that split managing is like the style callings, regardless of whether they concern the motion pictures or sports, despite the fact that there is an alternate dynamic at play.â Swarms of brilliant youngsters give themselves wholeheartedly to snort occupations that pay inadequately and request unstinting dedication as they all need to play a similar game saw as a tournament.â In media outlets, similar to all other exceptionally serious ventures, the laborers at the base are ineffectively paid.â simultaneously, notwithstanding, individuals are generally ready to work long and hard so they can go up and in the long run get paid more.â The secondary school quarterback, scandalous on-screen characters and on-screen characters, just as artists and architects may gain lower than the lowest pay permitted by law before hitting big.â Thus, before the street pharmacist or the performer is put on the map, the person in question must be inadequately paid. Medication managing is something contrary to numerous serious enterprises in an assortment of ways, notwithstanding the way that it imparts significant business standards to them, for example the mission to expand profits.â There is no lack of employments in the medication business, as the interest is amazingly huge.â Additionally, there is high hazard joined to the activity, while the activity itself doesn't make the street pharmacists proud.â Needless to state, individuals are not expected to be pulled in to tranquilize managing as an occupation except if they are sedate addicts who wouldn't fret the risks.â Hence, it is essential to consider the work gracefully of the market for drugs.â As the dema

Describe How Health and Safety Legislation, Policies and Procedures Promote of Individuals in a Health or Social Care Setting

Depict how wellbeing and security enactment, strategies and techniques advance of people in a wellbeing or social consideration setting Health, Safety and security issues are critical in care settings so as to ensure staff and kids, and their families. Enactments and guidelines guarantee that rules are followed to authorize wellbeing and security inside an association. Enactment is law which has been made by an administering body.Before a bit of enactment becomes law it might be known as a bill, and might be extensively alluded to as enactment while it stays viable to recognize it from different business. Approaches guarantee that everybody must work inside the law and fulfill the base consideration guidelines set out by the enactment. At long last, strategies are the means that are should have been followed to guarantee everyone’s security inside the workplace.Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH, 2002), for instance, expects managers to control substances that ar e unsafe to wellbeing, for example, harmful, destructive or aggravation synthetic substances like cleaning items or even natural liquids. In a setting, for example, a Nursery, dangerous substances that are not put away appropriately and are effectively open to kids may cause culmination further harming or spilling on themselves. This risk could be limited by putting away these substances in a high, conceivably bolted, territory with the goal that youngsters are not prone to get it together of them and mischief themselves.Also, the off base removal of ruined nappies and so on can make germs spread and could cause disease or cross defilements inside the Nursery. This can be maintained a strategic distance from by having a particular receptacle exclusively for the removal of ruined nappies to guarantee that mischief can't result from this. Guarantee that all staff are prepared on the most proficient method to manage an episode and giving them full data of the guideline since it causes them act rapidly enough if there was to be an occurrence. The Food Safety Regulation Act (1995) ensures there is a food cleanliness standard set up in all businesses.Illnesses and diseases can be effectively motivation by somebody, be it a youngster or individual from staff, not washing their hands before eating or getting ready food. This could be in the wake of changing a nappy, heading off to the latrine or playing outside. This hazard can be limited by ensuring everybody washes their hands before eating and previously, during and subsequent to getting ready suppers. Likewise, guarantee that all hardware is perfect and in great condition as this can likewise cause pollution if managing crude and cooked foods.The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulation (1995) expects businesses to report wounds and perilous events when they occur. In a nursery, broken furnishings, broken toys and little articles can prompt injury or perhaps demise. Broken furniture can make kids cut or brush themselves on the sharp break offs. Though with broken or unsatisfactory toys, youngsters can swallow the article causing gagging or demise. This hazard can be dodged via doing normal checks of the furnishings and toys, ensuring they are appropriate for use with youngsters. On the off chance that not, at that point they ought to be discarded efficiently.With the Data Protection Act (1998), the nursery needs to control and ensure the treatment of the individual data of kids and guardians. Carelessness and naivety can cause individual data being let out into the open eye. Staff recording children’s or their parent’s individual subtleties or suppositions can wind up open to general visibility. This can be limited by ensuring all information is kept secure on an inner divider, in a bolted pantry. Additionally, guaranteeing that all staff are prepared to accurately manage data and know about the outcomes of foolishness can help bring down the hazard. www. hse. gov. uk www. foodstandards. gov

Update Your Resume This September with My Resume Tips

Update Your Resume This September with My Resume Tips September is Update Your Resume Month! Read to the End to Get 10% Off a Resume Service! What if you received an unexpected sudden opportunity and needed to update your resume for a new position? Would you be ready with a fantastic resume now? What if your company needed your resume for their own uses? Would you be proud of what you could hand to them? If the answer to either of the above questions is no, you’re in luck. It’s September, and that means it’s International Update Your Resume Month! Updating your resume at least once a year is a really smart idea, regardless of your career situation. You will ensure that you’re tracking and documenting your most recent accomplishments, and that you’re not caught empty-handedâ€"or paying rush fees unnecessarily because you did not prepare for unanticipated resume requests. Tips to Update Your Resume Right Now Here are my top 10 recommendations to avoid the panic of a last-minute scramble to update your resume: Double-check your contact information. Are your address and phone number accurate and updated? Is your LinkedIn Profile URL customized and included on your resume? Rewrite your Summary statement. Make sure it reflects your most current capabilities and achievements. Use specifics about yourself rather than overinflated “resume speak.” Add any skills / core competencies that you have added to your tool kit. List any updates to your education, courses completed, conferences attended, certifications or licenses obtained, awards won, publications published, etc. If you have a new position, add an end date to your previous one. You’d be surprised how many people forget to change “present” to an end date! Add your most current position to your resume if it’s not there. Include a result or impact in every bullet if at all possible. How have you made or saved your company money? How have you improved systems or processes? Include numbers like dollar amounts and percentages! Delete any redundant or irrelevant information. Don’t be attached to your past achievements if they’re not important for where you’re headed. Check your formatting carefully for consistency. Is every bullet formatted the same way? Print your resume to make sure it looks good on paper. Don’t risk being judged as sloppy, and don’t make your readers have to squint! Create a version of your resume that meets ATS requirements (Applicant Tracking Systems). If you’re not familiar with how to do this, read Tip #43 in How to Write a WINNING Resume. Tools to Update Your Resume For more detail on how to accomplish these 10 resume update recommendations, read my e-books How to Write a WINNING Resume or How to Write a STELLAR Executive Resume. You can receive a free excerpt of both How to Write a WINNING Resume and How to Write a STELLAR Executive Resume by signing up for any of The Essay Expert’s e-lists. Subscribe here and receive free excerpts of both books! Special offer!! If you want to update your resume in September, go through steps 1-9 above and send us your current resume with a list of your accomplishments on or before September 22nd. Please also include a statement that you have completed steps 1-9 and are ready for an update.  We’ll offer you 10% off any resume service! You can also get help from our DIY Resume Questionnaires. What are you waiting for? Update your resume now!

The Use Of Music And Singing On Young Adults Written By...

In this essay I will summarise the article titled ‘The Use of Music and Singing to Help Manage Anxiety in Older Adults’ written by Eells (2014). I will also examine the relevance of the article for clinical practice and my future role as a mental health nurse. In conclusion, I will relay the impact the article has in my work placement and the experiences acquired. In writing the article Eells (2014) examined the rising evidence base for the use of music/singing in taking leisure and hospitable activities as therapeutic nursing interventions for managing anxiety and other health problems in the increasing number of older adults. Eells (2014) started writing the article by going through online literature using searches of Cumulative Index†¦show more content†¦Dementia as the article noted is a universal problem affecting over 35 million people and the number increases annually. In the UK, it is expected that over a million will be affected by 2025 (Alzheimer Society 2007). Dementia causes progressive decline in cognitive functions and complicates the impact of sensory experience by affecting communication, memories, perception, feelings, emotions, and quality of life. McCaffrey (2008) cited by Eells (2014) asserted that music and singing are very important arts used to lessen anxiety and agitation in people with dementia and enhance their quality of life. In a related study article by Sung et al (2010), preferred music and singing intervention provided by trained nursing staff had a profound influence in reducing anxiety in older adults with dementia. Music and singing is increasingly being used as m ode of relaxation during mealtimes, reduce stress and agitated behaviours, aid increased food consumption, evokes feeling of happiness and promotes social interaction. Music and singing is also noted by Chan (2007) cited by Eells (2014) to effect physiological changes such as increased oxygen saturation levels, lowers blood pressure, pulse rate and heart rate. Walker (2011) cited by Eells (2014) noted osteoarthritis as the most frequent incapacitating disease in older adults because it inhibits their mobility, and

The History of Essay Topics for English Assessment Test Refuted

The History of Essay Topics for English Assessment Test Refuted Essay Topics for English Assessment Test: the Ultimate Convenience! In some instances, students are provided the writing undertaking to try to do with the organizations to increase their teamwork expertise that's required to handle demanding industry. There'll be more than 94 subjects which a student should get ready for the exam. Fascinating students may check the general structure of syllabus by simply click on this link. You may also be a college student with exact reasoning and could likewise not have the capability to compose your task for a sort of explanations. Since you locate a coursework you can be certain all task will probably be performed punctually. As soon as it's always best to inspect the test demands of the schools you're applying to, you may also choose which tests to take based on your specific strengths and weaknesses or individual preferences. A minimal confidence score usually means that system isn't confident enough, and it cannot estimate MBTI or soft skills. All appreciate the truth of the assessment. But What About Essay Topics for English Assessment Test? For the overall training test, you are going to be requested to compose a letter on a particular subject. You are able to take at least one of the tests again. The speaking test could be offered on another day and time, possibly up to 7 days following the other sections. The listening test is provided first. The Characteristics of Essay Topics for English Assessment Test At length, the Speaking test, which happens before an actual examiner, shows the way you c an interact with different individuals, in English. The system may also return an error code in the event of error (e.g. too brief text, input language besides English, etc.). In many schools, it's important to have a fantastic degree of English to graduate. Students may find writing a narrative paper a huge challenge as a result of aspects like they're not fluent in using English language especially in regards to the written type of communication. Surprisingly, many students do not find out how to get the best sources. Therefore, many students and employees decide to acquire affordable essay rather than writing it themselves. In any case, direct and indirect quotes are required to support your understanding of academic writing style. If you don't wish to concentrate on the content of British literature, it is possible to instead consider the form and fashion. It's advisable that you just choose the topic that you are able to deal with, for instance, if you're not t sketching the personality characteristics then you need to better not elect for it. Prepare your notes regularly and emphasis all of the vital points in the easy language. Essay Topics for English Assessment Test at a Glance Assemble all of the proof it is possible to muster to blow down the other argument and grow your thesis. You will be amazed at how many times a paper can be made better if you merely have a stand or a position and argue for a specific position. Even if a specific research paper topic is getting plenty of buzz at the moment or other men and women seem interested in writing about it, don't feel tempted to make it your topic if you don't genuinely have some type of interest in it also. Your papers are written by means of a writer of your pick. Essay Topics for English Assessment Test and Essay Topics for English Assessment Test - The Perfect Combination If you think that your thesis statement hasn't yet established all the points you wish to cover in the research, rephrase it. Not all research paper topics are made equal, and you would like to be sure you opt for a fantastic topic before you commence writing. Guidance from the professor on the range of the research. Choose a Topic or Argument Research papers must be center on a specific topic or argument. There are lots of great resources for writers out there. It's extremely important to us that only the best experts supply you with the assistance that you want. After choosing a wide subject, you've got to do some preliminary research. It's possible to easily depend on us to find essay help as we have a tendency to assist and guide the students with the assistance of our professional experts. The Downside Risk of Essay Topics for English Assessment Test Moreover, being valid only two decades, it reflects your degree of English at a precise moment, it's thus perfect to aid you in your job search following your studies. There are times that you do your best and even then you're not able to score well in your home tasks. As you may see, learners will surely confront several struggles want to they must turn into a an affiliate the acquire essay organization. Some students highly require the web for sources due to its convenience.

Literature Review of Waste Management of Masonry Materials Free Essays

string(152) " no important attempts are in topographic point to retrieve and recycle the ultrafine CaCO3dust combined in waste slurries of marble processing workss\." Traditionally burned bricks constitute the basic masonry unit for the building of houses and it is good known that fabrication requires important measures of energy to bring forth burned bricks while using the surface soil. Following are few research documents in field of waste direction sing the facet of granite processing, fly ash bricks and environmental issues. Mamta. We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review of Waste Management of Masonry Materials or any similar topic only for you Order Now B. Rajgor A ; Jayeshkumar Pitroda[ 1 ] : States that granite rock processing industry produces solid waste in extended amount in legion scopes where its predominant, which is expected to increase as field of building industry raises, Due to the overall production of granite industry has been increasing fleetly in modern times. It is a non-biodegradable waste which can be easy inhaled by worlds and animate beings and is besides harmful to the environment. It is predicted that about 175 million metric tons of granite dust are produced every twelvemonth and about 250-400 million metric tons of granite dust on site, which are significantly immense sum of waste generated. Rania A. Hamza, et.al, [ 2 ] :The aim of this paper is to use marble and granite waste of different sizes in the fabrication of concrete blocks, with full replacing of conventional coarse and all right sums with marble waste scrapings and slurry pulverization of content up to 40 % . The produced bricks are tested for physical and mechanical belongingss harmonizing to the demands of the American Standards for Testing Materials ( ASTM ) and the Egyptian Code. The trial consequences showed that the recycled merchandises have physical and mechanical belongingss that qualify them for usage in the building sector, where all cement brick samples tested in this survey comply with the Egyptian codification demand for structural bricks, with granite slurry has a positive consequence on cement brick samples that reach its optimum at 10 % slurry incorporation. Zhang Ji-Ru and Cao Xing [ 3 ] :Undertook an experimental plan to analyze the person and admixed effects of calcium hydroxide and wing ash on the Geotechnical features of expansive dirt. States that, â€Å"its fictile bound additions by blending calcium hydroxide, the liquid bound, and malleability lessenings by blending fly ash. Based on these consequences they concluded that the expansive dirt can be successfully stabilized with calcium hydroxide and wing ash. V. Karthikeyan and M. Ponni, [ 4 ] :Studied the use of fly ash in bricks. The fly ash can be fruitfully utilized for fabrication of bricks by integrating fly-ash, sand, calcium hydroxide and gypsum. The utile proportion found was 25: 4: 70: 1. Tabin Rushad.S, et.al, [ 5 ] :The purpose of the survey is to look into the strength and H2O soaking up feature of fly ash bricks made of calcium hydroxide ( L ) , local dirt ( S ) and fly ash ( FA ) . The trial were experimented both on manus moulded and force per unit area moulded fly ash bricks. It was noted that none of the L-S-FA bricks satisfy all the demands of standard codifications. While some bricks satisfy the commissariats with regard to strength, merely the L-FA ( 40: 60 ) bricks satisfy the demand of Indian Standard Code in regard of strength every bit good as H2O soaking up features. Veena G. Pathan, et.al, [ 6 ] :Sustainability in Concrete Production can be obtained by experimenting in permutations of stuffs used. Use of marble waste pulverization is non really usual idea, and at that place has been merely few research works done on the marble waste. Marble waste is a solid waste stuff generated from the marble processing and can be used either as a filler stuff for cement or all right sums while fixing concrete. It has been utilised as a replacing for all right sums in many literature plants, but this paper reports the feasibleness of the permutation of marble waste for cement to accomplish economic system and protecting environment. The experimental consequence provinces split tensile and compressive strength of concrete can be increased with add-on of waste marble pulverization up to 10 % replace by weight of cement. Earlier research besides indicates that the effects of intermixing marble waste on the belongingss of cement such as consistence, puting clip an d soundness is within the acceptable scope of different criterions. The production of more lasting and cheaper concrete utilizing this waste can work out the ecological and environmental jobs to some extent. F. J. Aukour, [ 7 ] :Suggests, Block fabrication mixtures incorporating the Marble Sludge Powder ( MSP ) have significantly higher compaction strength and low H2O soaking up, the block mixtures incorporating MSP are recommended for building in all its signifiers, in that the best mark market or absorbing and devouring such merchandises is the building field sector. MSP incorporation has positive effects on malleability, shrinking and denseness during all phases of the production procedure, presuming some alterations in the industrial production sector. Elham Khalilzadeh Shirazi, [ 8 ] :States that, In recent old ages big sum of rock waste has been generated in natural and unreal rock industry which has important environmental impacts. To decide these jobs, rock waste in different signifiers could be used in different industrial activities procedure in peculiar building industry and other activities such as glass, gum elastic, pharmacies, paper, ceramics industry, pigments, plastics polymers, fabrics or in articles such as soaps or tapers. Further, it can be used as agribusiness dirt restorative, acerb H2O intervention and dumpsite waterproofing. This paper reveals an overview of current solutions of cut downing environmental and economic disadvantages of this sort of byproduct. Nutan C. Patel, [ 9 ] :The chief aim of this paper is to analyze the production procedure of marble during the production procedure and how much waste is generated during the production procedure such as extraction, boring, transporting, cutting, smoothing A ; completing. Marble waste is by and large a high polluting waste due to both its high alkalic nature and its processing techniques, which inflicts wellness menace to the environing environment. The preies and processing workss are littered with big sum of waste merchandises from extraction, sawing and smoothing activites. At present, no important attempts are in topographic point to retrieve and recycle the ultrafine CaCO3dust combined in waste slurries of marble processing workss. It can be helpful for sing these chalky atoms as primary or secondary natural stuffs for usage in other production facets, sooner for building intent. Ashish Kumar Parashar, et.al, [ 10 ]:The chief purpose of this paper was to compare the compressive strength of the different bricks, so for this purpose assorted per centum of stuffs were added individually 4 % , 8 % , 12 % A ; 16 % by weight and so the compressive strength of the bricks was worked out, and so with the aid of graph plotted comparing between compressive strength of bricks are made out of rice chaff, wood ash, clay, wing ash A ; cement was determined. Before fabricating the bricks, different belongingss of the stuffs ( clay, wood ash, rice chaff, cement A ; Fly ash ) like screen analysis and specific gravitation were besides checked. After that bricks were made amp ; sun dried and some bricks were oven dried A ; so with the aid of Compression Testing Machine ( C.T.M. ) their compressive strength were evaluated. From this trial of this undertaking work it was concluded that the wood ash was that waste stuff, which gave the highest compressive strength. The effects of the add-on of rice chaff ( for firing out ) and wood ash alloies by a present – clay mix were besides investigated. The alloy was added in assorted combinations and proportions by weight ( from 4 to 16 % ) . The wood ash alloy, in line with its pozzolanic nature was able to lend in accomplishing denser merchandises with higher compressive strengths, high softening coefficients, low H2O soaking up rates and low impregnation. Niranjan P S Radhakrishna, [ 11 ] :This paper addresses the engineering of Making FaL-G howitzer compressed hollow blocks with low-calcium ( Class F ) dry fly ash as premier stuff. The FaL-G masonry hollow blocks were prepared without utilizing traditional cement. Sand and prey dust were used as all right sum stuffs. The different parametric quantities FaL-G masonry hollow blocks were determined. Experimental consequences province that the FaL-G hollow blocks are suited to be used for the building of masonry constructions. It was found that dry denseness was in the scope of 1.465 to1.654 g/cc, IRA was 3.92 to 4.4 kg/m2/min and H2O soaking up of FaL-G compressed blocks was less than 17.56 % . FaL-G hollow blocks attained considerable strength around 4MPa at the age of 28 yearss to utilize them as masonry units with equal modulus of snap. .Menezes. et.acubic decimeter, [ 12 ] :The waste stuffs, in the signifier of granite sawing wastes, lead to fouling the environment. Studied the word picture of ceramic bricks and tiles, wherein granite sawing wastes from the procedure industries in Paraiba State, Brazil had been used as an option to the ceramic natural stuffs. Surveies have been conducted on denseness, atom size distribution, surface country ( BET ) , chemical composing, thermic analysis ( DTA and TGA ) , phase analysis ( XRD ) , and microstructural analysis ( SEM ) of the above mentioned waste to find its suitableness of usage. It has been reported that the physical and mineralogical features of granite wastes were similar to the conventional ceramic natural stuffs. The work, reportedly produced bricks and tiles which comprised of waste stuffs and ceramic natural stuffs. It was concluded that the technological features of the Brazilian criterions were met by the ceramic organic structures. S.K. Malhotra et.al [ 13 ] : Probes were carried out by]into the development of bricks from granulated blast furnace scoria, which is a byproduct from Fe and steel industry. In their survey it has been suggested that by pressing slag-lime mixture and sand mix at a force per unit area of 50 kg/cm2and after 28 yearss of humid hardening at ambient temperature, good quality bricks can be produced. The compressive strength of the bricks has been reported to be in the scope of 8 – 15 MPa. It was concluded that the production of scoria based bricks consumes less energy compared to conventional burned clay bricks or Ca silicate bricks. Torres et.al [ 14 ] :Concerns with the usage of granite wastes obtained in the signifier of sludge from granite cutting industry. On incorporation and subsequent word picture of granite wastes into the batch preparations of porcelain tiles it has been observed that extruded bars or pellets with H2O soaking up of 0.07 % and bending strength greater than 50 MPa can be produced. The maximal possible permutation of sludge for felspar has besides been investigated. The experimental study shows, with suited granite sludge incorporation porcelain tiles with superior belongingss can be produced. It was reported that incorporation of sludge had negligible consequence on malleability, shrinking and denseness during all phases of the tile production procedure, presuming no alterations in the industrial production line. 2.2 Brief Summary of Literature Review By all the above diaries which are surveyed, the construct of waste direction is taken as premier issues and has been considered to carry through the present undertaking work. The diaries discussed predict that the reusing A ; recycling for cut downing the disposal jobs as a major solution for waste direction. Hence, if fly ash can used for bring forthing fly ash bricks, the same construct can be adapted for minimising the disposal jobs for granite sludge waste which is generated as 30 % of granite rock processing. So hence in our undertaking analysis Granite sludge waste, sand, gypsum A ; lime are used to make a new masonry block known as Granite sludge masonry blocks. Different proportions are used in fabrication of fly ash bricks, by utilizing Fly ash, sand, limestone A ; gypsum sometimes. Percentage of H2O used is besides varied by different research workers, so per centum of H2O taken in our undertaking analysis is 4 % of entire mass as used by CBRI in their analysis for brin g forthing fly ash bricks. The CBRI ( the Central edifice research institute ) Roorkee has used Fly Ash 40 – 50 % Sand 50 – 40 % , Lime 10 % A ; 4 % H2O by sing entire mass for fixing fly as bricks. Hence Forth in our undertaking analysis we will be utilizing granite sludge waste pulverization 20 – 70 % , sand 70 – 20 % , lime 8 % , gypsum 2 % A ; 4 % H2O by sing entire mass for fixing granite sludge blocks. Various physical A ; mechanical belongingss will be tested for above mix proportions for granite sludge blocks in our undertaking survey. Problem Context Granite rocks have huge application in the field of building due to their nature of beginning. Some of it applications are for size rock masonry, granite flooring slabs, as harsh sum in concrete and etc. During the procedure of fabricating granite flooring slabs which are used for shocking intent in commercial and residential edifices, approximately 30 % waste is generated in assorted processing activities This granite sludge waste generated has negative impact to Mother Nature. Hence reuse of this stuff demand to be considered to minimise the disposal jobs of granite sludge. 3.2 Problem Definition In this experimental survey, strength and other required parametric quantities are evaluated by fixing Granit sludge masonry blocks utilizing granite sludge pulverization, sand, calcium hydroxide and gypsum in changing mix proportions, by maintaining in position fly ash bricks as chief mention. Granite sludge pulverization is collected from local granite rock processing unit and other stuffs are purchased from local market. The trials are conducted in order to analyze the strength features such as compressive strength and flexural strength. Besides lastingness belongingss such as H2O soaking up and flower are to be studied. The consequences obtained will be transverse cheeked with IS code specifications Our Earth’s top most layer crust constitutes about 70 % of granite, which is formed by pyrogenic stone type. Igneous stones are formed by chilling of magma on the surface or crust bed of the Earth. Granite stone is by and large liquefied crystalline mineral construction which is easy seeable to our bare oculus. Granite rock has oppressing strength of more than 100 N/mm2; due to this belongings its application is huge in field of building. Its primary use is for size rock masonry and as flooring slabs, and besides beyond which secondary merchandises like coarse sum and M-sand ( all right sums ) are besides immensely used in many applications such as in concrete, railroad ballast and etc. In our present survey we have concentrated on granite sludge pulverization which consequences in treating activities of granite rock for shocking slabs such as cutting, smoothing A ; completing procedure. This contributes of approximately 30 % wastage in these procedures, which is non-biodegradable waste. From above tabular array it clearly shows that prevailing mineral in granite stone is silica in signifier of Si di oxide, which plays of import function in strength addition in concrete. And besides the major cause for making Silicosis disease. 4.1.2. Fine sum Sand is of course happening farinaceous stuff composed of finely divided stone A ; minerals fragments. The content of sand is extremely variable, depending on the local stone beginnings A ; conditions, but the most common component is silica ( silicon di oxide, or SiO2) normally in the signifier of vitreous silica. Locally available natural river sand go throughing through 4.75mm A ; retained on 150 micrometer IS screen was used as all right sum in our survey for fixing granite sludge blocks, which will be used as filler stuff in changing mix publicities in our survey. Basic belongingss like specific gravitation trial A ; fineness modulus by sieve analysis trial was performed for natural river sand used in our survey Calcium hydroxide Lime as adhering stuff has been made usage since antediluvian times in our state. But at present, the cement revolutionist has replaced use of calcium hydroxide to great extent. And on other manus, bookmans say that the industry of cement leads to Global heating. Hence, in this present survey locally available calcium hydroxide of class-c ( hydrous calcium hydroxide ) IS 712:1984 specifications are collected A ; used as a binding agent apart from cement. In our present survey to run out the H2O nowadays in hydrous calcium hydroxide, we have adopted sand drain method. Where a bed of sand is laid on the land surface over which the hydrous calcium hydroxide is spread over the sand bed and left overnight. After which the H2O in hydrated calcium hydroxide will be drained out and thick fat calcium hydroxide will be available for its use. Categorization of edifice calcium hydroxide Class A – hydraulic calcium hydroxide for structural intents. Class B – semi-hydraulic calcium hydroxide for lime concrete, plaster underseal A ; masonry howitzer. Class C – fat calcium hydroxide for composite howitzer and for completing coat in daubing. Class D – for completing coat in white lavation and daubing, dwelling of Mg or dolomite calcium hydroxide. Class E – kankar calcium hydroxide. Class F – silicious dolomitic calcium hydroxide for underseal and completing coat of plaster. 4.1.4. Gypsum Gypsum is a of course happening mineral of sedimentary stone class which constitute of hydrous sulfate of Ca. Property of gypsum is such it has really hapless solubility in H2O, which sets and hardens rapidly. Its initial scene clip is about 4 – 6 proceedingss and concluding scene is about 30 proceedingss. Gypsum of high pureness is by and large used as fertiliser in our state, such as ammonium sulfate fertiliser and low pureness in fabrication of ordinary Portland cement to move as a retarder, commanding puting clip of cement. Here low pureness gypsum is used as retarding agent in the mix proportions of granite sludge blocks. Categorization of mineral gypsum based on pureness Type-1: Plaster for surgical industry. Type-2: As ammonium sulfate for fertiliser industry. Type-3: For clayware industry ( chinaware ) . Type-4: As retarding agent for cement industry. How to cite Literature Review of Waste Management of Masonry Materials, Essay examples

Service sector analysis

Executive summary The research aims at investigating the reason behind participation in the service economy, and the challenges that organisations face when in the industry. In the report, it was found that the internet is one of the major reasons. It facilitates mass consumption of one product and thus transforms industries. Additionally, other entities do it in order to outsource their business functions.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Service sector analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Their intention is to gain efficiency or benefit from focusing on their core activities. Alternatively, others are engaging in the service economy in order to respond to the changing consumer demands in the production process. It was also found that deregulation, market liberalisation and reforms have affected the retail industry by reducing financial restrictions. It has changed electricity services by allowing entry of specialised providers. Telecommunications have been altered by allowing new entrants thus facilitating lower prices. It was recommended that companies ought to consider the service economy owing to the internet or e-commerce. Introduction The purpose of the report is to determine the main reasons that cause organisations to participate in the service economy and the challenges that they face. The report will begin with the reasons that cause organisations to participate in the services economy. It will then look into the effects of markets forces such as regulation, deregulation and market liberalisation in the service sector. Finally, the report will examine the future challenges in the industry and give recommendations for participating in a services economy. Reasons to build a services economy The internet The internet is revolutionising the production process in a myriad of industries. It dramatically reduces the supply chain by allowing firms to create one product (such as an o nline book) and sell it to a mass market. One can see this trend in the art, book, music, newspaper, and software industry. Companies can thus receive returns for very minimal effort, and this is enough to keep them in the service economy. Additionally, the internet provides a more efficient way of delivering services in some sectors such as internet banking (Kim 2006).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Changing market demands A number of countries are building service economies because consumer expectations are changing. Most of them have raised their expectations of product quality and their own customer experiences. As such, manufacturers and other traditional industries have to introduce more service – orientated functions in their production processes. The knowledge-based economy has also caused this orientation because individuals need to understand everything th at relates to their purchases. Outsourcing Numerous organisations in the developed economy are outsourcing their services to other entities. Some of them are doing it for the efficiency that a third party will accord them. Others are more interested in meeting the divergent needs of their businesses while others simply want to focus on their core competencies. This has perpetuated the need for more service industries such as training, IT, accounting and research (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development 2000). Sectors impacted by market forces Telecommunications Before liberalisation and regulatory reforms, the telecommunications sector was regarded as a natural monopoly. Most governments justified this mentality by claiming that individuals needed to have universal access to these services. However, deregulation has allowed many companies to compete with government-backed entities. Now entry costs are low, and this has made pricing more favourable. Additionally, networ k connections have increased tremendously (Hoj et al. 2011). Electricity In most parts of the world, electricity generation has been a huge monopoly. One company may be responsible for the generation, transmission and billing of electricity in the whole country or a certain region in the country. However, owing to the deregulation in these sectors, some countries have allowed entry of specialised power generators or transmitters, and thus increased competiveness in the industry (Heskett 1986).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Service sector analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Retail distribution Deregulation and market reforms have impacted the retail distribution sector by minimising restrictions on hours of operations. Additionally, they have allowed greater expansion of retail outlets as fewer restrictions exist on scalability. Price restraints existed in the unregulated retail sector. Producers would l imit prices charged to other members of the supply chain or would engage in exclusive dealing. These patterns have reduced after instating regulatory reform (Vickers Yarrow 1988). Future challenges to the services economy Regulatory challenges Now that services have become a vital component of business, it is imperative to have appropriate laws and policies to man this sector. Several countries have ill-suited service laws that hamper innovation and growth. Existence of trade barriers may also come in the way of service-based growth especially because the sector is highly globalised. These regulatory flaws arise from a lack of understanding of the true potential of the service sector. Proper understanding of consumer demand and supply economics Many stakeholders in the service sector are yet to come to terms with the changing role of the consumer. It is not enough to offer clients a final product; businesses need to think of buyers as co-creators who can play a crucial role in the supply side. Not all service providers have this in-depth understanding of the demand issue (Inman 1999). Businesses need to understand supply side economies in service growth before participating in it. Some companies presume that there is a demand for new services hence their provisions. Alternatively, other companies may outsource their products in order to focus on their core competencies. Some organisations may engage service providers without really investigating why they need to outsource. Recommendations Organisations should build a services economy because of the importance of the internet. Internet-based trading has transformed the market place and is bound to keep doing so even in the future. New products and functions are getting into business and the more flexible organisations are the ones that survive. The internet will speed up globalisation and other people-centred market activities.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, because the internet is not limited by people’s geography and time, then companies can fully exploit their potential. They can work twenty four hours a day and do business with people in the opposite end of the earth. This should give organisations enough reasons to focus on the service sector. However, for fair business to take place, then more effective standardisation should exist. Nonetheless, the atmosphere of transparency and openness is indicative of the promise that is inherent in the services sector. References Heskett, J 1986, Managing in the service economy, Harvard Business School press, Boston. Hoj, I, Kato, T, Pilat, D. 2011, ‘Deregulation and privatisation in the service sector’, OECD Economic Studies, vol. 11 no. 25, pp. 37-50 Inman, R 1999, Managing the service economy: prospects and problems, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Kim, H 2006, The Shift to the service economy: causes and effects, Institute for Monetary and Economi c Research, http://faculty.washington.edu/karyiu/confer/seoul06/papers/kim_hj.pdf Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development 2000, The Service Economy, OECD Press, France. Vickers, J Yarrow, G 1988, Privatisation – an economic analysis, MIT Press, Cambridge. This report on Service sector analysis was written and submitted by user Mekh1 to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

010 Intro to Review and Small Change Professor Ramos Blog

010 Intro to Review and Small Change Quick Write Argument Reflection Fill out the grading rubric for your argument essay. Quick Write What is activism? What are modern protests that you can think of? Gladwell â€Å"Small Change† Malcolm Gladwell â€Å"Small Change: Why the Revolution Will Not Be Tweeted† (399) Gladwell discusses the arguments promoting social media as a key component in social activism starting in paragraph 7. He says, â€Å"The new tools of social media have reinvented social activism. With Facebook and Twitter and the like, the traditional relationship between political authority and popular will has been upended, making it easier for the powerless to collaborate, coordinate, and give a voice to their concerns.† He discusses revolutions in Moldova and Iran and quotes a former senior State Department official who believes social media can be used to fight terrorism. He  brings up these opposing views (his â€Å"they say†) after an extended description of the Woolworth’s lunch counter sit-ins. He begins to refute these views in paragraph 8. 2/2/60 Greensboro, N.C.: A group of Negro students from North Carolina AT College, who were refused service at a luncheon counter reserved for white customers, staged a sit-down strike at the F.W. Woolworth store in Greensboro 2/2. Ronald Martin, Robert Patterson and Mark Martin are shown as they stayed seated throughout the day. The white woman at left came to the counter for lunch but decided not to sit down. Sit-in participants are bullied and have food and drinks dumped on them. Intro to Review A review, or evaluation, combines the skills of close critical reading with the skills of argument. Evaluations are very common in the real world. Someone is always ready to tell us what could be done differently, or better. An evaluation is a researched argument, mainly focusing on a small range of primary texts: a movie, a book, a short story, a TV show, a product, a text, a painting, a picture, etc. An evaluation offers a judgment, after a close critical reading. The criteria for this judgment should be fleshed out with support and evidence drawn from the primary texts. Evaluations are fun to read and write. They can be contentious and are often inflected with personal opinion. We evaluate, or review, everything from pizza, restaurants, movies, and even professors. Commentary and criticism of all sorts just happen. Doing them well is another matter. Rate my professor:    Requirements 1,000+ Words 1+ Images 1-2 Primary texts 1-2 Scholarly sources 1-2 Reliable sources MLA Style Parts of the Assignment Rough Draft 20 points Peer Review 20 points Final Draft 150 points IGN Dracula Untold Review

What Is EOP Your Guide to Educational Opportunity Programs

What Is EOP Your Guide to Educational Opportunity Programs SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Traditionally, low-income students have been excluded from higher education, or they have faced obstacles that make graduating from college extremely difficult. Programs like the Educational Opportunity Program are designed to provide the necessary support to disadvantaged students to enable their success in college and beyond. In this article, I’ll describe EOP, detail the advantages of participating in an Educational Opportunity Program, and let you know how to enroll. What Is EOP? The Educational Opportunity Program, or EOP, is a counseling and academic support program designed to helplow-income and first generation college students succeed in college. A student is first generation if neither parent went to college. EOPs are state programs, and they're typically only for in-state residents of public colleges. The purpose of these programsis to help students who face additional obstacles in higher education succeed academically and graduate.There are EOPs in a number of states, but it's not available in every state or at every college.Look at a school’s website or contact its admissions office to see if it has an EOP. EOP is available at California State University and University of California campuses.While each CSU campus has an EOP, the only UC schools that have an EOP are UC Berkeley, UC Davis, UC Santa Barbara, and UC Santa Cruz. However, there are comparable programs at the other UC schools. Additionally, there are EOPs in New York at State University of New York (SUNY) schools and in New Jersey at schools like New Jersey Institute of Technology, Rider University, and Seton Hall University. There are similar programs at state colleges in New Jersey through the Educational Opportunity Fund (EOF). I also found EOPs at Oregon State and University of Washington. Most campuses that offer EOP provide a summer program for EOP students to help them transition to college and prepare for college life. Thestudents get to live on campus and strengthen their academic skills before college starts. During the academic year, EOP offers counseling, mentorship, and academic advising for enrolledstudents to help them succeed academically. Furthermore, EOP offers students career advice and preparation for graduate studies.Also, some programs provide financial assistance, including offering grants and waiving or deferring certain fees. Steven Depolo/Flickr How Is EOP Eligibility Determined? Eligibility does vary by campus, butit's typicallybased on income requirements, meaning that yourfamily's income must be below a certain amount for you to qualify for the program. Each state's income threshold is slightly different. As an example, at CSUs, the maximum income for a family of four is $46,400. At CSUs, you must meet EOP income criteria to be eligible for EOP.If your family income exceeds the guidelines, you may still be considered for EOP if your demonstrated Expected Family Contribution is less than $1,500. Check this page for the income requirements for SUNY schools.At SUNY schools, EOP is also designed for students who don’t meet the normal admission requirements but show academic promise. Here are the income requirements in New Jersey. For most EOPs, only in-state residents and US citizens or permanent residents are eligible for EOP. In California, undocumented immigrants who qualify for in-state tuition through AB540 are also eligible for all California EOPs. Generally, EOP eligibility guidelines are less strict at UC campuses.At UC Berkeley, any low-income,first generation, or historically underrepresented students (African-American, Chicano/Latino, and Native-American) are eligible for EOP.At UCSB, EOP services all students but focuses on low-income and first generation undergraduates. Why Should You Join EOP? If you apply to a school that has an EOP and you’re eligible, I highly recommend trying to join the program.Not only can you receive financial benefits but also the transitional summer program and advising can help you be successful in college and beyond. Many EOP students come from under-resourced schools and don’t enter college as prepared as their more affluent peers.Furthermore, because thesestudents may not have parents or family members who are knowledgeable about college, they’re not able to get the same guidance as other students, unless they participate in programs like EOP. Also, low-income, first generation college students can feel isolated on college campuses and have a hard time relating to their fellow students who come from more privileged backgrounds.EOP can help you find a community of students with backgrounds similar to yours, and you can receive counseling and mentorship to help you deal with the struggles that come from being a low-income, first generation college student. Many of the students I worked with joined EOP. Generally, they were grateful for the program, and I believe all of the students I know who were in EOP ended up graduating from college. Ralph Daily/Flickr How Do You Enroll in EOP? Typically, there is an application process to become part of EOP.Your financial information may be verified from your/your parents’ tax returns or the information you provide on your FAFSA.Check a school’s website or contact the EOP office if you have any questions. For CSUs, if you are interested in enrolling in EOP, you must complete asupplemental application,which is more demanding than most schools'.In addition to providing basic information, you have to provide recommendations and answer short answer questions. Not only do you have to meet the basic requirements but also you must be a motivated student who would appear to benefit from EOP. For UCs, you just have to enter additional information on your UC application if you’re interested in EOP.Also, you should indicate your interest in your UC personal statement. For SUNY schools, submit the regular application and indicate your interest in EOP. You may be asked to fill out additional forms and provide documentation. What If a School Doesn’t Have EOP or You’re Not Eligible? If you’re interested in participating in EOP but the schools you want to apply to don’t have an EOP or you’re not eligible, you may still be able to take advantage of support services to help you succeed in college.Look on the school’s website for support services. If you’re a low-income or first generation student, you can contact the admissions office to ask about specific support programs for low-income or first generation students. On Big Future, you can search for schools with support services for low-income or minority students. Additionally, on each school’s profile, you can view the types of support services that are available. Paul Townsend/Flickr What's Next? If you're stressing the cost of college, read this article to learn how to get a full ride scholarship. Maybe you're wondering whether or not college is right for you. Make an informed decision and decide for yourself if you should go to college. Finally, make sure you know how to research and choose a college. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Porters Views on Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Porters Views on Strategy - Essay Example Michael Porter is a University Professor at Harvard Business School and a very contributor to the fields of management and economics. In an article he wrote for the Harvard Business Review in 1996, and also in one of his books, he argues that competitive strategy is "about being different". He adds, "It means deliberately choosing a different set of activities to deliver a unique mix of value". It is important to note that Porter has focused on discussing competitive strategy and his views are based more on differentiating the company in the view of the customers. Porter has defined competitive strategy as "a combination of the ends for which the firm is striving and the means by which it is seeking to get there". Porter has provided for a very fresh and different view on the meaning of strategy. He highlights and emphasises on the facts that operational effectiveness is not strategy. Porter has in his article ‘What is Strategy?’, in the Harvard Business Review brought o ut some very important points. He argues that ‘Positioning’, which has been one of the major elements of strategy and has acted as the ‘heart of strategy’, is not being rejected by most managers. He discussed in this article that the current period believed that positioning is considered to be too static in the current dynamic world and the high use of technology. It is important to note that the information that has been provided here has been based on three major heads: 1. variety-based positioning 2. Needs-based positioning and 3 Access-based positioning

Bead Bar Systems Development Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Bead Bar Systems Development Project - Essay Example Order tracking, fulfillment, inventory and supply dynamics can be managed optimally. The proposed information system would departmentalize the operations of the various departments and make the organisation accessible to its stakeholders in a pre-approved and designed manner. Not everyone would be allowed to access all kinds of information and all activities can be tracked so as to ascertain the state of the organisation at every point of time. We desire to create a company website which can be accessed through the internet so that all the franchisee locations are able to access it and perform the business functions of recording and updating the system for all the business changes. All the franchisee locations are connected with the help of public data carriers so that it is able to access the company website to perform their functions. Each such franchisee would have their access privileges to enter the transaction section and operate their business process. The president and the owner, vice president’s of all the departments would have an Executive Information System (EIS) Management Information System (MIS) to manage their operations. The accounts department may use Transaction Processing System (TPS) and the ground level workers can use Knowledge Work System to measure worker output, productivity and others. Prior to outlining the input and output information, the system development life cycle must be in place so that the analysis is done accordingly. The correct nature of the inputs and the outputs would make the system design vary accordingly as it requires to capture the information and put it into a frame to interpret in a decisive manner to take further decisions. The new proposed system and the present working system are analyzed so that the ROI (Return On Investment) is obtained. The proposed system is further analyzed for economical, technical,

An Overview Of Learning Three Theoretical Perspectives Education Essay

An Overview Of Learning Three Theoretical Perspectives Education Essay There are myriad perspectives on the learning process, understanding the mechanisms of and our understanding of learning as theory and the practical application of methodology has evolved considerably over time. Each theory contributes to our understanding of how learners integrate information and experiences from their environment. This has implications for individual growth and also for institutional policy and practice. In this paper I will review three theoretical perspectives on learning, namely the Constructivist/Cognitivist perspective, the Phenomenographic perspective, and the Socio-cultural perspective, I will describe the salient features and characteristics of each theory, and compare the similarities and differences across perspectives. This will include a discussion of how learners access information, make sense of that information, and act on it in deliberate and purposeful ways as a means of engaging with the world. From there I will investigate what these learning theories emphasize or give relevance to the concepts of context, meaning, and experience. The various perspectives each have something to say about the relationship between context, meaning, and experience as they relate to learning, however the importance of these core concepts differs in how each theory conceptualizes learning, and the importance of the role of context, meaning, and experience. Finally , I will conclude with examples that bring these perspectives to life in my everyday experience, and I will bind these theories together within a cohesive understanding of learning and education as it relates to the interrelationship of the concepts of intrinsic motivation, variation, and transfer. Three theoretical perspectives on learning There are numerous theories of learning, each emphasizing a particular feature of the learning experience. Various theories of learning also describe learning in different ways depending on the viewpoint of the observer. Each theory emphasizes ideas related to context, meaning, and experience in different ways as they relate to learning, both from the perspective of the learner and from the instructor/teacher/coach/mentor. Constructivist/Cognitivist Perspective Objectivity is the delusion that observations could be made without an observer (von Foerster, 1995, pg. 5) The Constructivist theoretical orientation holds that knowledge is acquired experientially, is mediated by our prior understanding, and is based on the belief that we learn by doing rather than observing, and that knowledge is built upon previous learning. The essential core of constructivism is that learners actively construct their own knowledge and meaning from their experiences (Doolittle, pg 1) Piaget was primarily concerned with cognitive constructions that occurred as a result of interactions with Constructivism emerged from early studies of learning, behaviour, and psychoanalysis, and the behavioural viewpoints of Watson, along with Kohler and Koffkas Gestalt psychology. (Tools pg. 7) Constructivism as theoretical understanding exists along a continuum from weak to strong forms constructivism This is an adaptive process whereby behaviours evolve to meet the changing demands of the environment, and cognition serves to makes sense of subjective experience. (Doolittle, 1999, 1) Constructivism emerged from schools of behaviourism and objectivism, which held that there was a knowable objective reality that existed independent of the individual. Constructivism takes the view that meaningful personal experience is the basis of knowledge and learning. Individuals construct meaning within a context of personal experience that is rooted in language, culture, and the social experiences of each individual. There can be no objectively verifiable truth or knowledge within constructivism, as each individual brings a unique perspective grounded in their own previous knowing. Much of this knowledge is tacit and resides in the implicit memory of the learner, but it exerts its influence and acts as a filter through which the individual sees new information and relates it to their understanding of the world. Knowledge and thus learning is constructed within the mind of the individual. Constructivism rejects the notion of an objective and knowable reality independent of the observer, and holds that knowledge of the world is constructed through the active cognitizing on the part of individuals. Constructivism rejects the notion of an oberver-independent world in favour of knowledge reflecting the subjective realities of the observer. (Glaserfeld, 1989, p. 3) Knowledge is not a representation of reality, but instead a collection of conceptual structures that turn out to be adapted or, as I would way, viable within the knowing subjects range of experience. (Glaserfeld, 1989, p. 4) Within Cognitive constructivism (explanation of scheme theory, accomodation, assimilation). Cognitive constructivism adheres to models of knowledge construction that consider the role of memory, cognitive constructs, and schemas without considering fully the subjective nature of knowledge as resident within the mind of the subject. Knowledge in this sense implies an internal representation that accurately reflects an observer-independent external reality. (Doolittle, 1999, 2) Radical constructivism differs from cognitive constructivism by advancing the idea that learning is an adaptive process, and that it is observer-dependent and resides in a fluid and dynamic cognition that considers the subjective experience of knowledge construction. Radical constructivism, like social constructivism, also accepts social interactions as informing knowledge construction. Social constructivism takes the view that social interactions contribute to knowing, and views the social and cultural context as anchoring knowledge to a specific time and place. (doolittle pg 4) These various perspectives exist on a continuum, however the most fundamental understandings are shared. We all hold memories of previous experiences; those collected memories and experiences, both tacit and explicit, become the lens through which we view our current unfolding reality. Emerging evidence within the realm of neuroscience and interpersonal neurobiology may predict further homogenization of constructivist philosophy and understanding. Interpersonal neurobiology views the brain as a social organ built through experience. This insight shifts Cognitive Constructivism further along the continuum in the direction of radical and social constructivism by lending supporting evidence to the two remaining epistemological tenets, namely that cognition organizes and makes sense of ones experience, and that knowing has roots in both biological/neurological construction, and social, cultural, and language-based interactions. (Doolittle, 1999) Learning is transactional, with experience influencing cognitive construction and the pliable cognitive constructions influencing our experience in a duality of experience and subjective reality. As Carr states, the growing body of evidence makes clear that the memory inside our heads is the product of an extraordinarily complex natural process that is, at every instant, exquisitely tuned to the unique environment in which each of us lives and the unique patterns of experiences that each of us goes through. (Carr, 2010, p. ) Carr recounts some of the current research on memory and experience, and expands on the idea that our brain structure continuously changes with experience; brain plasticity, the growing and pruning of synaptic connections over time, changes our very memories and our recollections of experience based on new experiences. (Carr, 2010, p. 190) Researcher Kobi Rosenblum further describes how memory, which in a sense is our recalled experience, can be a pliable and moving target. As he explains, ..the human brain continues to process information long after it is received, and the quality of memories depends on how the information is processed. (Carr, 2010, p. 191) Meaning within Cognitivist/Constructivist Perspective Meaning as significance for each perspective, but it is integral to an understanding of constructivism. Meaning is central to the intentionality of learners; relevance and meaning enhance a learners ability to relate with their world. It also relates to concepts of motivation as it relates to a learners sense of agency and engagement with their experience, ad it highlights the importance of culture and language as social mediators of learning The importance of these memory mechanisms to the development of cognitive psychology is that, once understood, they make it very clear that a persons ability to remember items is improved if the items are meaningfully related to each other or to the persons existing knowledge. The key word here is meaningful.Wynn pg.4 What is meaningful to people is determined by what they can remember of what they have already learned. Wynn pg 4 Opportunities for learning within a constructivist framework occur most readily when what is being learned has relevance or high emotional valence for the learner; in other words when information or experiences are meaningful. In order for learning to be meaningful it should be relatable to previous knowledge and experience. This building-block model of knowledge and experience is entirely consistent with a learner as meaning-maker. The implications for teaching and educational pedagogy are that tasks that have meaning and relevance tend to be of greater intrinsic interest to learners. Research on the experience of learning speaks to the importance of meaning as it relates to knowledge construction, and speaks of the importance of autonomy, agency, choice, and collaboration in driving our instrinsic motivational desires to engage in meaningful tasks, remember and recall information, self-organize, and be curious. A learning context rich in meaning is crucial. Context within Cognitivist/Constructivist Perspectives Learning occurs most successfully at the intersection of a learners previous knowledge of the world and the experience of socially mediated interactions with others, and is influenced by all accumulated social and cultural experiences. (Bodrova Leong, 2007, p. 9) The context for learning resides within the experience and imagination of the learner, and is rooted in prior experience and is mediated by teachers/facilitators and the ecological setting or context. Within this learning context, Feuerstein describes the role of mediation. The mediator creates in a person an approach, a form of reference, a desire to understand phenomena, a need to find order in them, to understand the order that is revealed, and to create it for oneself. (Feuerstein, Feuerstein, Falik, 2010, p. 37) Mediators can take many forms, but they share in common an ability to potentiate a learners ability to benefit from learning experiences. In the absence of a mediator, even in cases where individuals acquire knowledge, they may not understand its significance. (Feuerstein et al., 2010, p. 37) Experience within Cognitivist/Constructivist Perspectives As learners construct their own experiential reality within a social and cultural context, the dyadic interactions that unfold imply a degree of collaboration and engagement with learning that is intrinsically motivated by a meaningful context within which learning occurs/unfolds. Collaborative learning is by its nature socially constructed learning, where the interest of learners is central, meaningful, and contextual. Decontextualized learning by contrast lacks a sense of connection to the experience of learning. Prior experiences of learning are diminished when there is no meaningful context, and authentic experiential learning suffers. When choice around structure and content is collaboratively negotiated, learners are granted a level of autonomy around how and what they learn, and experiences that are meaningful place learning within a context more suitable to the learning style, goals, and priorities of the learner. Kohn emphasizes these conditions of collaboration, content, and choice, as creating the conditions necessary for authentic and intrinsically motivated learning to emerge. (Kohn, ) Phenomenograpy/Variation Theory There is no learning without discernment. And there is no discernment without variation. (Marton, Trigwell, 2000) The theory of phenomenography is connected with the study of human experience, particularly as it relates to educational research. Phenomenography examines thinking and learning within the context of educational research, and seeks understanding of the different ways in which people experience, interpret, understand, perceive, or conceptualize a phenomenon, or certain aspect of reality. (Orgill, ) Marton defines phenomenography as a qualitative research methodology, within the interpretivist paradigm, that investigates the qualitatively different ways in which people experience something or think about something (Marton, 1986). One of the key epistemological tenets related to Phenomenographic theory relates to concepts of variation, discernment, and transfer. Marton postulates that in order for learning to occur, there must necessarily be a pattern of variation present to experience, and this pattern must be experienced. (Marton, variation, pg.1). In order for learning to occur, learners must experience a wide range of variation in experience, with sameness or similarity contributing little to our understanding of experience. Variation and difference create a broader context for understanding experience, and also expand our repertoire when encountering novel situations or circumstances. This transfer of learning is integral to variation theory and a key underpinning of phenomenography. Experiencing difference or variation may be likened to experiences of cognitive dissonance within constructivist models of learning, where an individual experiences dissonance and a perturbation and must adjust their conception of this new information within their existing paradigm. How we categorize, makes sense of, or identify with that difference relates to our discernment skills. Discernment allows a subject to see or sense an experience against the background of his or her previous experiences of something more or less different. ( Marton, pg.386). In essence, as subjects experience greater variation they become more attuned to increasingly subtle differences between the physical, cultural, symbolic, or sensual world that they inhabit. (Marton, pg 386) Every phenomenon that is experienced only in contrast to alternate experiences of the same phenomenon (marton, pg 387) The implications for pedagogy center on the manipulation of the objects of variation in order for learners to experience variation, become adept at discerning, and transfer learning across situations. Excellence in teaching has very much to do with what aspects of the object of learning are subjected to variation, and what aspects of the object are subject to variation simultaneously. (Marton, pg. 391) Subjects learn to manage novelty as a result of having experienced novelty through variation. (Marton, pg. 394). Transfer is concerned with how what is learned in one situation affects or influences what the learner is capable of doing in another situation. (Marton, pg. 499) Meaning within Phenomenographic/Variation Theory Perspective Context within Phenomenographic/Variation Theory Perspective A concept that illuminates ideas of context within the phenomenographic perspective relates to concepts of situated learning. Situated in this instance refers to what surrounds the learning event; that is, to the socially constructed life-world in which a particular instance of learning occurs. (Sameness in transfer, pg. 511) Sameness and difference in learning and experience are acknowledged, however the extent to which we can make use of something we have learned in one situation to handle another situation is a ma Conclusion Learning is not simply acquiring new information and storing it on top of the information we already have. It involves meeting something unexpected (what might describe as a perturbation), something that cannot be easily explained by those theories or understandings we have already developed. To resolve that conflict we have to change what we previously believed (kohn, pg 187) This explanation is the tie that binds constructivism, variation, theory and scheme theory to social learning, along with ideas of motivation and personal agency.

Mary Schapiro and Leadership Essay

In her role at the SEC, Mary Schapiro was known as one of the world’s most powerful female regulators. She was named chair in the midst of the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression. As chairman, she helped strengthen and revitalize the agency by overseeing a more rigorous enforcement program and shaping new rules for Wall Street. During her tenure, the agency’s work force brought about a record number of enforcement actions and achieved significant regulatory reform to protect investors. Schapiro leaves behind an agency that has regained its footing, stature, and morale following desultory leadership under its previous two chairmen and its embarrassing lack of action preceding the financial crisis. Under Schapiro, the SEC, which is usually thought to be the most prominent and important financial regulatory body in the country, brought a huge number of enforcement actions against financial institutions. Her job was to assess what went wrong and to ensure it d idn’t happen again. During four years as SEC chairman, Schapiro presided over one of the busiest rule-making agendas in the SEC’s history, during which the agency also brought a record number of enforcement actions, and executed a comprehensive restructuring program to improve protections for investors. Upon her departure, President Obama praised her leadership, saying the SEC became stronger and the financial system â€Å"safer and better able to serve the American people-thanks in large part to Schapiro’s hard work.† Change Management Change management is designed to ensure the effective transition of an organisation and its people from the current to future states, and in so doing support the realisation of business benefits. In the context of strategy, it is the realisation of the strategic plan. Change management is about effectively leading and managing individuals, teams, and the organisation to successfully adopt the changes needed to achieve required or desired business results. Success in Organisational Change Follows Recognisable Patterns – Kotter’s 8 Steps Harvard Business School Professor John Kotter is well known for identifying a pattern for leading successful organizational change. Yet, we cannot be sure that the President, members of Congress, and key Federal Reserve, Department  of the Treasury, and SEC personnel (including Chairman Schapiro) are familiar with this work and with other similar guidance from change leadership literature. And even if some or all of the change agents impacting a restructuring of the SEC are familiar with this work, it is unclear whether any of those change agents are consciously using this learning and incorporating useful elements from Kotter’s books into the SEC reorganization process. Studies of organizational change have shed significant light on the elements of a successful reform effort. Leaders effectuating reform at the SEC do not have to â€Å"reinvent the wheel† as they initiate, manage, and institutionalize organizational change. Kotter’s model is organized into eigh t stages designed to address eight observed mistakes made in efforts for organizational change: â€Å"establishing a sense of urgency†; â€Å"creating the guiding coalition†; â€Å"developing a vision and strategy†; â€Å"communicating the change vision†; â€Å"empowering broad-based action†; generating short-term wins†; â€Å"consolidating gains and producing more change†; and â€Å"anchoring new approaches in the culture.† Each stage has identifiable characteristics. 1. Establishing a Sense of Urgency â€Å"Visible crises can be enormously helpful in catching people’s attention and pushing up urgency levels.† To be sure, the SEC has experienced visible crises over the past few years. Admissions of significant failures at the SEC extend back over more than two years’ time and cover multiple areas of SEC operations. â€Å"The natural superiority of the U.S. model for securities regulation is no longer an article of faith, and the credibility of the SEC as a financial regulator has never been lower.† although the SEC has long been â€Å"the crown jewel of the financial regulatory infrastructure,† recent developments have called that characterization into question. The SEC has been the target of relentless criticism ranging from claims that it mishandled derivatives regulation, oversight of securities firms, and market risk, to assertions of delays and blunders and possible industry capture at the Division of Enforcement. These criticisms followed th e Treasury Department’s Blueprint of Financial Regulation-released in March 2008-that criticized the SEC’s approach to regulation as obsolete and proposed a plan of regulatory consolidation that would effectively lead to the agency’s demise. Most recently, the revelation that the SEC failed to discover a $50 billion Ponzi scheme at Madoff Investment Securities, despite having received allegations of wrongdoing for over a decade, suggests fundamental weaknesses in its core enforcement operations. To be successful at organizational change, however, a change leader must use the crisis to shake up the organization. This requires that the change leader â€Å"remove sources of complacency or minimize their impact† and take actions that are â€Å"bold or even risky.† Kotter uses the concept of fire in a building as a proxy for crisis in an organization, writing that â€Å"conducting business as usual is very difficult if the building seems to be on fire.†Interestingly, Chairman Schapiro invoked fire imagery in comments to reporters as she made changes to SEC operations shortly after taking office. Moreover, in a recent speech, Chairman Schapiro noted the rapid pace of change at the SEC over the preceding year: I know that change is hard because within our agency we have been engaged in some of the most significant change in decades. When I arrived at the agency last January, we began a process of assessing our operations and determined we could do better. We de termined that we needed to change. And that is the path we have chosen. The personnel changes instituted at the SEC may be seen as examples of sweeping change. The discomfort and discontent of the SEC staff in response to the personnel changes may be evidence of the brash nature of these personnel changes. Kotter’s work predicts this kind of reaction. He notes that â€Å"bold moves that reduce complacency tend to increase conflict and to create anxiety, at least at first.† 2. Creating the Guiding Coalition Leading change is not a solitary task. Because major change is so difficult to accomplish, a powerful force is required to sustain the process. No one individual, not even a monarch-like CEO, is ever able to develop the right vision, communicate it to large numbers of people, eliminate all the key obstacles, generate short-term wins, lead and manage dozens of change projects, and anchor new approaches deep in the organization’s culture. Instead, what is required is a strong leadership team-a team â€Å"with the right composition and sufficient trust among members.† In terms of composition,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"four key characteristics† are important: â€Å"position power†- the entire group who will be charged with making progress in areas of needed change, â€Å"expertise,† â€Å"credibility,† and â€Å"leadership.† Trust is borne of activities that â€Å"create . . . mutual understanding, respect, and caring.† Trust is important because it can lead to the effective creation of a â€Å"common goal† or â€Å"shared objective.† Chairman Schapiro has changed the leadership team at the SEC. We must question, however, whether the team has the right characteristics and the requisite trust. Certainly, the credentials of the SEC Commissioners are quite impressive in terms of expertise, credibility, and leadership skills. Chairman Schapiro has put a premium on attracting to the SEC people with an expansive set of experiences and skills. Moreover, the published remarks of new leaders in the Division of Enforcement-people with position power-are impressive in their indication of a collective change momentum. New leaders continue to emerge, making the membership of the guiding coalition unsettled and unclear. The executives who ignited the transformations from good to great did not first figure out where to drive the bus and then get people to take it there. No, they first got the right people on the bus (and the wrong people off the bus) and then figured out where to drive it. In general, public information sources are not detailed enough to enable a comprehensive assessment of the suitability of the composition of Chairman Schapiro’s guiding coalition. For example, according to Kotter, â€Å"you need both management and leadership skills on the guiding coalition, and they must work in tandem, teamwork style.†He offers matrices that illustrate optimal compositions. Publicly available information does not enable us to determine whether or not the SEC guiding coalition has the optimal balance of management and leadership skills. Only as the exact identity of the leadership te am emerges and the team takes concerted and coordinated action will we be able to evaluate its composition. As difficult as it is for us to appraise the team’s composition, it is more difficult for us to assess whether the guiding coalition has the required trust. Although I have not found evidence that ostensible members of the SEC guiding coalition have engaged in team-building exercises or attended a retreat at which intra-group trust may have been engendered, the SEC’s recent self-assessment’ may be a sign that mutual trust is being promoted throughout the agency. As new people are identified for inclusion on the change leadership team, they will need to be effectively brought into the â€Å"circle of trust.† 3. Developing a Vision and Strategy To achieve successful organizational change, a leader needs to have both vision and a strategy to implement that vision. â€Å"Vision refers to a picture of the future with some implicit or explicit commentary on why people should strive to create that future.† Vision serves to channel change in a particular direction and incentivizes and coordinates change in that direction. Chairman Schapiro seems to understand this aspect of change leadership, and she also seems to be incorporating it into the SEC’s operations. Her vision for a reformed SEC refocuses the SEC’s activities on one of the key policy underpinnings of the federal securities laws: investor protection Another lesson I have learned is to have a vision about where you want to take your organization and stick to your principles in getting there. Principles are not ideologies. They are different. Maybe it’s a question of degree. Maybe to some it’s semantics. But as I see it, unlike ideologie s, principles don’t seem to demand a particular answer to every problem that emerges. We’ve seen how strict adherence to ideology played out over the last decade in the financial arena. â€Å"Free market ideology† together with rapidly changing technology, globalization and many other accidental causes led too many of us to forget hard-learned lessons from past crises and abandon basic common sense. Principles, on the other hand, help frame a question, an issue or a problem. Having a principle might highlight tensions and trade-offs of particular choices, but rarely do they force you to choose between a good solution and a worldview. For me at the SEC, my main principle is putting investors first. And, I try to stay focused on that every day. And the goal is to build an SEC that is deeply expert, nimble, and aggressive-that gives investors confidence. In fact, as Bob Glauber can attest, I have a sign posted on my door that says â€Å"How does it help investors?† It’s a simple question, but it guides all that I do at the SEC. And, all those who enter my office understand that is the prism through which we will consider all issues. It doesn’t necessarily dictate the outcome of every issue that lands  on my desk-because there are many solutions to any problem that could aid investors. But, the principle helps to shape our thinking and steers us in the right path. Vision is implemented through strategy. â€Å"Without vision, strategy making can be a much more contentious activity†¦. Even more so, without good vision, a clever strategy or a logical plan can rarely inspire the kind of action needed to produce major change.†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Chairman Schapiro’s vision has guided structural and operational change at the SEC as well as substantive rulemaking. Some credit her clearly conceived vision and the related rapidly employed strategy for saving the SEC from more significant structural or operational change. 4. Communicating the Change Vision According to Kotter, the larger the audience for the change vision, the more powerful it may be. A great vision can serve a useful purpose even if it is understood by just a few key people. But the real power of a vision is unleashed only when most of those involved in an enterprise or activity have a common understanding of its goals and direction. That shared sense of a desirable future can help motivate and coordinate the kinds of actions that create transformations.’ A leader must be careful to communicate the change vision broadly, frequently (repeatedly), and consistently. The message conveying the vision must be direct, clear, simple, and geared to its targeted audiences. Metaphors, analogies, examples, and florid prose may be helpful in this regard. The means of conveying the message should be varied: oral and written, large forum and small group, and through words and actions. Finally, to ensure understanding, the communication of the vision should be a two-way street , involving both give and take as well as conveying and listening.† Chairman Schapiro has engaged in significant public speaking in which she has regularly and repeatedly informed and reminded the SEC staff and various elements of the public about the SEC’s recommitment to investor protection and the linkage of that vision to structural and operational changes at the SEC. Chairman Schapiro regularly appeared before congressional committees and subcommittees, and she has communicated her vision in these arenas as well. She used memorable analogies, examples, and words to convey the SEC’s organizational change message.’ Evidencing an appreciation for two-way communication, soon after  her appointment, Chairman Schapiro took action in response to staff suggestions that enforcement efforts against corporate violators of the securities laws were too difficult. Moreover, the self-assessment process and related ongoing staff communications are evidence of two-w ay communication about the structural and operational changes that have been taking place at the SEC. And Chairman Schapiro has continued to express belief in capturing a variety of viewpoints in decision-making. 5. Empowering Employees for Broad-Based Action To implement the leader’s vision, employees need to be able to take action. This may mean clearing away structural barriers, skill deficiencies, systemic obstacles, and supervisory impediments that may forestall effective employee participation in change efforts. Many of the structural and operational reforms implemented by Chairman Schapiro appear to be designed to empower SEC staff members for action that carries forward the change vision of the SEC. The efforts of Chairman Schapiro to listen and respond to staff concerns about unnecessary enforcement hurdles are examples of initiatives to streamline structure. In addition, the restructuring of the Division of Enforcement is geared to clear structural barricades to effective enforcement efforts.’ The decision to retain staff with â€Å"non-traditional skills† and the implementation of new staff training are examples of efforts to remedy skill deficits. Human resources and information systems have been or are be ing improved in response to deficiencies identified in the SEC’s self-assessment and the OIG’s investigation, report, and recommendations. In the Division of Enforcement, supervisory positions are being eliminated, supervisory personnel are being replaced, supervisory responsibilities are being realigned, and supervisory attitudes that may have impeded investigations are being corrected.’ 6. Generating Short-Term Wins Because the organizational change process is slow and constituents can be impatient, it is important for a change leader to accomplish certain limited objectives in the short term. Major change takes time, sometimes lots of time. Zealous believers will often stay the course no matter what happens. Most of the rest of us expect to see convincing evidence that all the effort  is paying off. Nonbelievers have even higher standards of proof. They want to see clear data indicating that the changes are working and that the change process isn’t absorbing so many resources in the short term as to endanger the organization. To be effective in sustaining organizational change efforts, short-term wins must be â€Å"both visible and unambiguous.†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ They also must be â€Å"clearly related to the change effort.† And in an effective change effort, they are planned, not accidental.’ SEC Chairman Schapiro accomplished some highly publicized early wins after her appo intment was confirmed. In particular, she swiftly moved to remove perceived barriers to enforcement of the securities laws against public companies. She publicly promoted these changes, and they were picked up by the news media.’ These efforts generated support in and outside the SEC. The achievement of these short-term wins on a staggered but consistent basis has kept the SEC’s structural and operational reforms in front of the SEC’s staff and the public, building consensus around and momentum for the SEC’s self-initiated reform efforts and distracting attention from more substantial externally generated suggestions for change. 7. Consolidating Gains and Producing More Change The long-term time horizon for organizational change not only makes short-term wins advisable, but also may make early declarations of victory problematic. It is important that the sense of urgency created by the change leaders is sustained for the long haul. Short-term wins are essential to keep momentum going, but the celebration of the wins can be lethal if urgency is lost. With complacency up, the forces of tradition can sweep back in with remarkable force and speed. Although a rapid, consistent pace of change at the SEC was sustained over the first fifteen months of reform, Chairman Schapiro as well as other SEC change leaders, needed to maintain the change momentum by continuing to introduce reforms on a regular basis. Having gone so far, the SEC could have lost all of the gains it had made in organizational change merely by relaxing into complacency. â€Å"Until changed practices attain a new equilibrium and have been driven into the culture, they can be very fragile.†Ã ¢â‚¬Ëœ To reach that equilibrium, in addition to engaging in more and continuous change, the SEC should bring in additional change agents, continue to foster leadership from its senior managers, recruit and nurture project management and leadership from lower ranks in the hierarchy, and identify and decrease or eliminate unnecessary internal structural and operational interconnections that often make change efforts more complex.’ These types of efforts in change management are difficult and pervasive. 8. Anchoring New Approaches in the Culture Finally, to prevent regression, change leaders must address and resolve any incompatibilities between the changes that have been made and the organization’s culture-friction in the group’s system of behavioural norms and shared values. This is not as easy as it may sound. These norms and values may apply to the organization as a whole or only to certain parts of the organization, and it is important to achieve compatibility on both levels. Moreover, culture is change-resistant and nearly invisible. Yet, the failure to address inconsistencies between a change effort and the prevailing culture can undo years of reform.’ Accordingly, it was important that Chairman Schapiro understood the applicable behavioural norms and shared values of the SEC and the Enforcement Division and their respective relevant cultural sub-groups as they continue to reform the SEC and the Enforcement Division. Because the core vision of investor protection should not be entirely inconsisten t with the SEC’s culture (in whole or in pertinent part), these and other change leaders at the SEC should be able to â€Å"graft the new practices onto the old roots while killing off the inconsistent pieces.† The important thing will be for the SEC’s change leaders to continue to remember the organization’s heritage and link it to the organization’s new and ongoing operations and objectives.